Human rights are the basic freedoms, liberties, and protections to which all persons are entitled. Human rights are not specilic to one government or religion. They do not differ in times of war or peace. Human rights are constant and inalienable rights, possessed by all people. Ideally, governments should promote and protect human rights through systems of law. Today, human rights include life, liberty, and security of person; the freedom of religion, thought, political expression, movement, assembly, speech, and organization; due process of law, education, employment, health, property ownership, cultural preservation; the right to marry and found a family; and freedom from discrimination, unjust punishment, persecution, tyranny, and oppression. The modern concept ol human rights developed over diree centuries. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the concept of natural rights emerged. Natural rights are not subject to any political, legal, or religious system. They are inalienable rights that humans possess from birth...

Кл.слова:
свобода -- законодавство

With over 750 entries, the Encyclopedia of United States National Security is the first single, concise reference source to provide accurate and informative answers to the many challenging questions of how, why, when, and where national security has evolved. In addition to presenting historical facts and analyses, this two-volume encyclopedia is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to some of the more complicated and abstract questions concerning world politics and national security. A thoroughly interdisciplinary work, this encyclopedia views national security from historical, economic, political, and technological perspectives.

Кл.слова:
безпека -- сша

The Bulletin on Narcotics is a United Nations journal that has been in continuous publication since 1949. It is printed in all six official languages of the United Nations—Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The Bulletin provides information on developments in drug control at the local, national, regional and international levels that can be of benefit to the international community. The present issue of the Bulletin, whose guest editor is Martin Bouchard of Simon Fraser University in Canada, is focused on measurement issues in drug policy analysis. It consists of a selection of papers presented at the Third Annual Conference of the International Society for the Study of Drug Policy, held in Vienna on 2 and 3 March 2009. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime wishes to thank Melissa Tullis of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Raggie Johansen of the Studies and Threat Analysis Section for editorial assistance in preparing this issue.

Кл.слова:
наркотична речовина

Legacy of Ashes is the record of the first sixty years of the Central Intelligence Agency. It describes how the most powerful country in the history of Western civilization has failed to create a first-rate spy service. That failure constitutes a danger to the national security of the United States. Intelligence is secret action aimed at understanding or changing what goes on abroad. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called it "a distasteful but vital necessity." A nation that wants to project its power beyond its borders needs to see over the horizon, to know what is coming, to prevent attacks against its people. It must anticipate surprise. Without a strong, smart, sharp intelligence service, presidents and generals alike can become blind and crippled. But throughout its history as a superpower, the United States has not had such a service.

Кл.слова:
розвідувальна служба -- національна безпека -- розвідка

Investigative Data Mining for Security and Criminal Detection is the first book to outline how data mining technologies can be used to combat crime in the 21st century. It introduces security managers, law enforcement investigators, counter-intelligence agents, fraud specialists, and information security analysts to data mining techniques and shows how they can be used as investigative tools. Readers will learn how to search public and private databases and networks to flag potential security threats and root out criminal activities even before they occur. This groundbreaking book reviews the latest data mining technologies including intelligent agents, link analysis, text mining, decision trees, self-organizing maps, machine learning, and neural networks. Using clear, understandable language, it explains the application of these technologies in such areas as computer and network security, fraud prevention, crime prevention, and national defense. International case studies throughout the book further illustrate how these technologies can be used to aid in crime prevention. The book will also serve as an indispensable resource for software developers and vendors as they design new products for the law enforcement and intelligence communities.

Кл.слова:
безпека -- інформаційні технології

European Labour Law explores how individual European notional legal systems, in symbiosis with the European Union, produce a transnational labour law system that is distinct and genuinely European in character. Professor Brian Bercusson describes the evolution of this system, its national, transnational and global contexts and its institutional and substantive structures. The collective industrial-relations dimension of employment is examined, and the labour law of the EU as manifested in, for example, European works councils is analysed. Important subjects which have traditionally received little attention in some European labour law systems are covered, for example the fragmentation of the workforce into atypical forms of employment. Attention is also given to the enforcement of European labour law through administrative or judicial mechanisms and the European social dialogue at intersectoral and sectoral levels. This new edition has been extensively updated, as the EU’s influence on this area of social policy continues to grow.

Кл.слова:
праця -- правознавство

The transnational circulation ofpeople and ideas is transforming the world we live in, but grasping its full complexity is extraordinarily difficult. To do so, it is essential to focus on specific places where transnational flows are happening. The international human rights movement against violence to women provides a valuable site for understanding how new categories ofmeaning emerge and are applied to social practices around the world. These meanings are often enthusiastically appropriated by regional, national, and local social movements and used to criticize everyday practices ofviolence. In order for human rights ideas to be effective, however, they need to be translated into local terms and situated within local contexts of power and meaning. They need, in other words, to be remade in the vernacular. How does this happen? Do people in local communities reframe human rights ideas to fit into their system ofcultural meanings? Do they resist ideas that seem unfamiliar? Examining this process is crucial to understanding the way human rights act in the contemporaryworld.

Кл.слова:
транснаціоналізм -- правосуддя

In recent years there has been a growth in the availability and popularity of both undergraduate modules and taught postgraduate courses in the broad field of forensic psychology. Indeed the term ‘forensic’ has been increasingly juxtaposed with a range of areas of academic study e.g. analysis, anthropology, archaeology, computing, engineering, investigation, measurement, psychobiology, psychology and science (UCAS, 2008). This is also evident in much professional practice, both within the field of health (e.g. psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, occupational therapists and social workers) and beyond (e.g. accountants and computing specialists).

Кл.слова:
судова система

International and supranational integration on the European continent, as well as the harmonisation of the rules of international trade and the accompanying development and global popularity of the resolution of commercial disputes through arbitration, constantly exerts a considerable influence on modern legal systems. The sources of each of these phenomena are different, and their action is dissimilar. Each can be described as reaching either from the top to the bottom, through the direct involvement of interested states and consequently affecting their internal legal systems (international and supranational integration; harmonisation of trade regulations through public international law instruments), or bottom-up, as a result of activity by private parties, leading to the achievement of uniform practices and standards (arbitration, lex mercatoria). Nonetheless, they both enrich national legal cultures and contribute to transgressing the limits of national (local) particularisms in creating, interpreting and applying the law.

Кл.слова:
європейський закон -- юриспруденція

Attorney Anthony Mancuso is a corporations expert and author of Nolo's bestselling corporate law series. He is the author of How to Form Your Own Corporation for California, New York, Florida and Texas; How to Form a Nonprofit Corporation (National and California Editions); The Corporate Minutes Book; California Incorporator (software) and co-author of Nolo's Partnership Maker (software) and How to Create a Buy-Sell Agreement & Control the Destiny of Your Small Business. His books and software have shown over a quarter of a million businesses and organizations how to incorporate.

Кл.слова:
бізнес

The idea for this edited collection arose out of a series of interdisciplinary workshops entitled ‘Gender and Migration in 21st Century Europe’ hosted jointly by the Migration Unit and the Feminist Legal Research Unit at the University of Liverpool between October 2006 and April 2007. The same title is adopted for this collection which draws on the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshops coupled with additional invited contributions from notable scholars in the field. In referring to ‘gender’ the aim is to explore how social, economic, legal, political and cultural processes implied by migration govern and reinforce relations between the sexes – not just between men and women, but between female and male children, and between girls and women. Our interpretation of ‘migration’ is also broad to encompass a range of geographical, economic and personal trajectories into and within Europe as well as the emergence and effectiveness of new regulatory mechanisms to address issues of ‘forced’ migration (notably trafficking), cross-national family breakdown and employment migration in an expanding European Union.

Кл.слова:
права дитини -- кар'єра жінки

“Clinical forensic medicine”—a term now commonly used to refer to that branch of medicine involving an interaction among the law, the judiciary, and the police, and usually concerning living persons—is emerging as a specialty in its own right. There have been enormous developments in the subject in the last decade, with an increasing amount of published research that needs to be brought together in a handbook, such as A Physician’s Guide to Clinical Forensic Medicine. The role of the health care professional in this field must be independent, professional, courteous, and nonjudgemental, as well as well-trained and informed. This is essential for the care of victims and suspects, for the criminal justice system, and for society as a whole.

Кл.слова:
судмедекспертиза

In January 2002 Fiji presented its first ever country report to the United Nations committee charged with monitoring compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). One of the most controversial sections of the report addressed the use of the practice of bulubulu, or village reconciliation, in cases of rape. During the public presentation of the report in New York City by Fiji’s Assistant Minister for Women, the nuances of bulubulu as a sociolegal practice in postcolonial Fiji were obscured within what quickly became complicated layers of political miscommunication, the imperatives of a surging Fijian nationalism, and, as always, the politicization of culture.

Кл.слова:
юриспруденція

The prohibition of alcohol was a mistake—a historic policy gaffe and a political fi asco. In the language of policy studies, it was a “suboptimal” policy option: a bad idea when compared with the more effective alternatives available. Novelist, historian, and social critic H. G. Wells famously lampooned “the crowning silliness of making prohibition a part of the Constitution of the United States” as the Eighteenth Amendment begot rampant corruption, bootlegging, and crime, eroded respect for law, and eliminated a valuable stream of government revenue by decimating an entire industry while miserably failing to achieve its purported aims of national sobriety, economic productivity, and communal moral salvation

Кл.слова:
сухий закон -- заборона

This book examines the doctrine of transgenerational punishment found in the Decalogue-that is, the idea that God punishes sinners vicariously and extends the punishment due them to three or four generations of their progeny. Though it was "God-given" law, the unfairness of punishing innocent people merely for being the children or grandchildren of wrongdoers was clearly recognized in ancient Israel. A series of inner-biblical and post-biblical responses to the rule demonstrates that later writers were able to criticize, reject, and replace this problematic doctrine with the alternative notion of individual retribution. From this perspective, the formative canon is the source of its own renewal: it fosters critical reflection upon the textual tradition and sponsors intellectual freedom. To support further study, this book includes a valuable bibliographical essay on the distinctive approach of inner-biblical exegesis showing the contributions of European, Israeli, and North American scholars. An earlier version of the volume appeared in French as L′Herméneutique de l′innovation: Canon et exégèse dans l′Israël biblique. This new Cambridge release represents a major revision and expansion of the French edition, nearly doubling its length with extensive new content. Legal Revision and Religious Renewal in Ancient Israel opens new perspectives on current debates within the humanities about canonicity, textual authority, and authorship. Bernard M. Levinson holds the Berman Family Chair of Jewish Studies and Hebrew Bible at the University of Minnesota. His research focuses on biblical and cuneiform law, textual reinterpretation in the Second Temple period, and the relation of the Bible to Western intellectual history. His book Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (1997) won the 1999 Salo W. Baron Award for Best First Book in Literature and Thought from the American Academy for Jewish Research. He is also the author of "The Right Chorale" : Studies in Biblical Law and Interpretation (2008), and editor or coeditor of four volumes, most recently, The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance (2007). The interdisciplinary significance of his work has been recognized with appointments to the Institute for Advanced Study (1997); the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin/Berlin Institute for Advanced Study (2007); and, most recently, the National Humanities Center, where he will serve as the Henry Luce Senior Fellow in Religious Studies for the 2010-2011 academic year.

Кл.слова:
історія -- закон -- релігія

Whether you're an independent contractor, freelancer, or consultant, it all adds up to the same thing: you need to be more aware of laws and taxes than the average person. Fortunately, Working for Yourself provides all the information you need to stay on top of it all. An independent contractor himself, author Attorney Stephen Fishman shows you everything you need to know to: *meet business start-up requirements *set up home or outside offices *comply with strict IRS rules *establish sound business relationships *avoid unfair contracts *draft good agreements *get paid in full and on time The 5th edition now provides information on leasing space for work, Health Savings Accounts and solo 401(k) plans. It also examines how to choose a business name, deal with audits, take a home office deduction -- and much more.

Кл.слова:
ділові відносини -- договір -- угода -- провадження бізнесу

In Proving the Unprovable, Professor Slobogin has done the undoable; he has produced a probing critique of the legal rules for admitting expert mental health testimony that had me turning the pages as if it were a suspense novel. After trenchantly analyzing current stands for admissibility, he suggests innovative approaches to protect the reasonable contributions that mental health experts can make. I doubt that any expert, no matter how experienced, who reads this book will view his or her task on the witness stand in quite the same way again.

Кл.слова:
суд -- психологія

Barfield and Calfee clearly explain arcane issues of patent law and the tremendous effect that they can have on our economy, our technological progress, and our health. As Congress considers sweeping changes to the patent law, this book is a timely evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the current system and the risk of overly aggressive reform. Biotechnology and the Patent System analyzes the role of intellectual property protection in biomedical research, one of America’s leading growth industries. Barfield and Calfee explore ways in which patent law fosters future research and venture capital investment; they also evaluate whether the current system could potentially impede genomic research and the development of new treatment and diagnostic tools.

Кл.слова:
законодавство -- біотехнологія

In Our Children, Their Children, a prominent team of researchers argues that a second-rate and increasingly punitive juvenile justice system is allowed to persist because most people believe it is designed for children in other ethnic and socioeconomic groups. While public opinion, laws, and social policies that convey distinctions between "our children" and "their children" may seem to conflict with the American ideal of blind justice, they are hardly at odds with patterns of group differentiation and inequality that have characterized much of American history. Our Children, Their Children provides a state-of-the-science examination of racial and ethnic disparities in the American juvenile justice system. Here, contributors document the precise magnitude of these disparities, seek to determine their causes, and propose potential solutions. In addition to race and ethnicity, contributors also look at the effects on juvenile justice of suburban sprawl, the impact of family and neighborhood, bias in postarrest decisions, and mental health issues. Assessing the implications of these differences for public policy initiatives and legal reforms, this volume is the first critical summary of what is known and unknown in this important area of social research.

Кл.слова:
дитина -- ювенальна юстиція